usb write protection or usb error, SOLUTION

1. First insert Memory Card/USB Hard Drive with your computer through your USB port and remove all other drives if you have connected. 2. Now open my computer and note down the drive letter of your USB or memory card. 3. Now click on start and then type cmd and then press enter. 4. Now type DISKPART in command prompt and pop up might appears asking for permission, click on ok. 5. Now type list disk there and you will see all the disk will get listed there. 6. Now there you will see your external drive, note down its disk number. 7. Now type select disk disk_number (for exp select disk 4) and press enter. 8. Now type clean and press enter. 9. Now type create partition primary and then press enter. 10. Now type active and press enter. 11. Now enter the command select partition 1. 12. Now type format fs=fat32 and press enter. 13. Thats it it will take some time and after that your drive will get successfully format and become ready to use. So above is all about How To Repair Corrupted Memory Card/USB Hard Drive. By this easy method you can repair any of external hard drive. Note that disk number selection method is be with full perfection as it can format your internal hard drive with wrong selection of disk number.

SIMPLE WAY TO CREATE USB BOOTABLE FLASH

This are the solutions to create bootable usb flash BENEFITS OF USING USB BOOTABLE DEVICE. It very fast compare with CD/DVD. Uses minimum power during booting process compare with cd/dvd. WINDOWS VISTA AND WINDOWS 7, WINDOWS 8 USERS. To make a bootable USB drive for Windows Vista or Windows 7, Windows 8, you need to have Windows Vista or 7,8 installed on your computer. It is recommended that you have a flash drive of at least 4GB in size, in order to store all the necessary files. Tip: Before you start, plug in the USB drive and backup any files you have stored on the USB drive. The drive will be formatted during this process and all files on it will be deleted. Note: You need to have a Windows Vista or Windows 7 DVD for these instructions to be successful. 1. Open an elevated Windows command line window by clicking Start, typing in cmd in the search text field,then pressing CTRL + Shift + Enter on your keyboard(at the same time). You can also access this by navigating to Start, All Programs,Accessories, right-click with your mouse on the Command Prompt menu item and select Run as Administrator. 2. At the command prompt, type cd c:\windows\system32 to change the directory to the Windows system32 directory. Ensure your USB drive is plugged in, type DISKPART, then press Enter. Type LIST DISK and press Enter. See our diskpart command page for additional information on this command. 3. You will see a listing of the disk drives connected to your computer. Find the disk number of your USB drive and type SELECT DISK [USB disk #], where "[USB disk #]" is the disk # for your USB drive. It should now state that your USB drive is the selected disk. If you're not sure what disk is the USB disk, eject the USB drive,perform step number 2 again, connect the USB drive again, and compare the results. Usually the USB drive will be the last drive. 4. Type in the following commands, one by one,pressing Enter after each command. CLEAN CREATE PARTITION PRIMARY SELECT PARTITION 1 ACTIVE FORMAT FS=NTFS (may take a couple minutes, depending on the USB drive size) ASSIGN EXIT Keep the command prompt window open, but you can minimize it for a little bit. 5. You will now need your Windows Vista or 7 Installation DVD. Put the DVD in your computer's DVD drive. Open up My Computer and note which drive letter is assigned to your DVD Drive and your USB flash drive. 6. Go back to the command prompt window and type in D: CD BOOT (substitute your DVD drive letter for "D:",if necessary) and press Enter. Type CD BOOT again and press Enter. Lastly, type BOOTSECT.EXE /NT60 H:(substitute your USB flash drive letter for "H:", if necessary) and press Enter. 7. The last step is to copy the entire contents of the Windows DVD to your USB flash drive. To do this, in the My Computer window (opened in step 5 above),right-click on the DVD drive and select Open to view the contents of the DVD. Copy all the files and folders on the DVD to the USB flash drive. Your USB flash drive is now set up to be a bootable USB drive for Windows Vista or 7.

Random-Access Memory: Is there a difference in RAM sizes between 32 bit and 64 bit machines

When we talk a 32-bit or 64-bit machine, the 32 and 64 actually refers word-length of a processor; i.e. the maximum number of bits the processor can operate upon at a time. A 32-bit processor, for instance, has 32-bit registers, and does operations (like addition or logical-AND) on 32-bit numbers.

Theoretically speaking, the word-length has no influence on the amount of RAM usable by the system. The maximum amount of addressable memory is determined by the address-length of the processor - put simply, using an n-bit address, a [Math Processing Error]-byte memory can be addressed.

In real machines, 32-bit machines typically can address a maximum of 4GB of RAM while 64-bit machines can go up to petabyte ranges. This is because the address-length of 32-bit machines are typically 32 bits (translating to [Math Processing Error] = 4096 bytes = 4 GB) while 64-bit machines, being relatively modern, feature 64 (or even 128 in some cases) address lines, giving 16PB of addressable memory.

 32 bit {note: 2^32 = 2 to the power of 32}

2^32 = 4,294,967,296 bytes
4,294,967,296 / (1,024 x 1,024) = 4,096 MB = 4GB

64-bit

2^64 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616
18,446,744,073,709,551,616 / (1,024 x 1,024) = 16EB (exabytes)

I had no idea what an Exabyte was.

KB - Kilobyte
MB - Megabyte (x 1000 KB)
GB - Gigabyte (x 1000 MB)
TB - Terrabyte (x 1000 GB)
PB - Petabyte (x 1000 TB)
EB = Exabyte? (x 1000 PB)

How to download YouTube videos by performing the ss trick

Step 1: Go to YouTube.com

Step 2: watch any youtube video which you wanna download on your pc.

Step 3: Now as you watch the video, just type in "ss" in the url of the video after " www."

Step 4: e.g. ssyoutube.com/watch?v=Gt2SmMprL48

Step 5: and press enter and you will be directed to savefrom.net

Step 6: Now choose your video type from a bunch of option which says ".flv" or ".mp4" or ".3GP" etc

Step 7: After choosing your option click download

This will download the YouTube video an your pc. You can also watch the tutorial video on my YouTube channel.

Here is the link to watch this video: youtube.com/watch?v=Gt2SmMprL48

How to Fix the Blue Screen of Death on Windows

Three Methods:

 Diagnosing the Problem 

Analyzing the Crash Report 

Fixing the Problem

A Blue Screen Error or STOP error, also known as the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), can be a frustrating experience. The error message almost never clearly states what is wrong, and they seem to strike at random. Follow this guide to diagnose and fix the errors causing the Blue Screen of Death.

Method 1 of 3: Diagnosing the Problem

1. 
    
   1. Determine if you changed anything recently. The most common cause of the Blue Screen is a recent change in your computer’s settings or hardware. This is often related to new drivers getting installed or updated. Drivers are software that allow your hardware to communicate with Windows. If you have a restore point, try to load it and see if it helps, it may or may not.^[1]

   • Because there are essentially an infinite number of hardware configurations possible, drivers can’t be tested for every possible setup. This means that sometimes a driver will be installed that causes a critical error when communicating with the hardware.
   
   
2. 
    
   2. Check your computer’s internal hardware. Sometimes, a poor connection inside the computer can cause a Blue Screen. Open your case and check to make sure that all the cables are firmly connected and that any cards are seated firmly in their sockets.

   • This is more difficult for laptops. You can check the hard drive and the RAM to make sure that they are connected properly. Remove the panels in the back that cover the hard drive and RAM with a small Phillips-head screwdriver. Press the components firmly into their connections. 

   
   
3. 
    
   3. Check your computer’s temperature. Overheating can lead to your hardware malfunctioning. One of the most common components to overheat is the graphics card. The second most likely culprit is the CPU.

   • You can check temperatures in most BIOS menus, or through software in Windows. 

   
   
4. 
    
   4. Test your RAM. A common culprit in system crashes is a bad stick of RAM. When RAM fails, it causes the system to become unstable. You can test your RAM by using a program called “memtest86”. This program is available for free online, and is run by burning it to a bootable CD.

   • Reboot your computer and run the program. The memtest software will automatically begin running tests on your computer’s RAM. This may take several minutes to complete. For best results, allow several passes of the test to be completed. Memtest will run indefinitely until you stop it yourself. 

   
   
5. 
    
   5. Test your hard drive. Run the “chkdsk” function on your hard drive to scan for errors and fix potential problems. A failing hard drive can cause Blue Screens due to corrupted files. To run chkdsk, open Computer/My Computer and right-click the disk that you want to scan. Select Properties.

   • From the Properties screen, select the Tools tab.
   • Click Check Now in the Error Checking section. Your computer will prompt you to restart in order to scan the disk.

   
   
6. 
    
   6. Strip your computer down to the essentials. One way to narrow down what is causing the problem is to remove everything that is not essential for the PC to run. This way, if the error goes away, you know that it was one of the pieces that you disconnected.

   • A desktop computer needs the motherboard, CPU, a hard disk, power supply, RAM, and a keyboard. Plug your monitor into your motherboard’s monitor port (if it has one) so that you can disconnect the graphics card. Everything else can be removed during the diagnostic process.
   • If the computer runs fine after stripping it down, add one part back at a time until the error message appears again. This will let you know which device is causing the computer to crash.
   • This method does not apply to laptops, as you cannot strip it down.
   
   

Method 2 of 3: Analyzing the Crash Report

1. 
    
   1. Set your computer to stop on a Blue Screen of Death. Oftentimes the computer will reboot before you have a chance to examine the contents of the Blue Screen. You will need to set your computer to stop on Blue Screens so that you can copy the necessary information.

   • Open your System Properties. In any version of Windows, press Windows+Pause/Break on your keyboard to open the System Properties window.^[2]
   • Click Advanced System Settings. Windows XP users will already be in the Advanced System Settings.
   • Click the Settings button in the Startup and Recovery section of the Advanced tab.
   • Uncheck the “Automatically restart’ option under the “System failure’ section. Click Apply to save the changes. The next time the computer experiences a Blue Screen of Death, the computer will display it until you manually reboot the system.

   
   
2. 
    
   2. Wait for your system to crash again. When the Blue Screen appears again, jot down the following information from the display.^[3] Input the data into a search engine to see what hardware or program the error might be originating from:

   • ”The problem seems to be caused by the following file:” Make note of the file displayed as well as the error message printed below it
   • ”STOP:” Copy the first code after the STOP message.
   
   

Method 3 of 3: Fixing the Problem

1. 
    
   1. Boot into Safe Mode. If Windows won’t start because of Blue Screen errors, try booting into Safe Mode try fixing the problem. As the computer is booting, repeatedly hit the F8 key until the Windows boot menu appears. Select Safe Mode with Networking to boot into a stripped down version of Windows. This will allow you to access your Device Manager, the internet, and other system tools. 
    
2. 
    
   2. Run a virus scan. Sometimes viruses and malware are at the root of a Blue Screen problem. Make sure that you have the latest antivirus software installed, and perform a full system scan to find anything that could be causing problems.
    
3. 
    
   3. Perform a Repair Installation of Windows. This is a quick alternative to completely reinstalling Windows, as it only copies system files to your computer. This is useful if an essential file has become corrupt and is causing your computer to fail.

   • To perform a repair installation, insert your Windows disc and boot from it. In the setup menu, select Repair Installation. Windows will delete old Windows files and copy new ones. You will not lose any personal data.

   
   
4. 
    
   4. Roll back your drivers. If the cause of the problem is hardware, the first thing you should try is rolling back drivers. This process will install an older version of the driver software, potentially getting rid of the conflict.

   • Open the Device Manager. You can access this by opening the Start Menu and right-clicking on Computer/My Computer. Select Properties, then Device Manager. In Windows 8, press Windows+X and select Device Manager from the list.
   • Select the hardware that you want to roll back. You may have to expand categories to find it. Right-click on the icon and select Properties.
   • Click the Driver tab. Select Roll Back Driver and confirm that you want to roll it back.
   • Continue using your computer as normal. Once your driver has been rolled back, continue to use your computer to verify that the error does not occur again. Do 'not' update the driver again until a newer version is released.

   
   
5. 
    
   5. Roll back Windows updates. If rolling back the driver did not fix the problem, consider restoring to an older, working installation of Windows. This will let you determine if the Windows updates are responsible for your Blue Screen.^[4]

   • Open System Restore. You can find System Restore by searching for it in the search bar in the Start menu. Open the program, and select a date from the calendar before you started experiencing errors.
   • This will reset all of the updates and settings to that date, effectively removing any updates added afterwards. Use this to determine if a specific Windows update is what caused your malfunction.

   
   
6. 
    
   6. Clear up hard disk space. If Windows does not have enough space on the disk it is installed on, it can cause system failures. Remove unnecessary files and programs if you have less than 15% of your hard disk free. 
    
7. 
    
   7. Apply new updates and drivers. If rolling back drivers and updates didn’t work, installing the newest versions and updates (if they weren’t installed already) may fix your problem. Check your Windows Update program to see if there are any new system and hardware updates available.

   • Click Start and search for “Windows Update”. In Windows 8, tap the Windows key and then start typing “Windows Update”.

   
   
8. 
    
   8. Reinstall Windows. If you cannot track down the error, you can try a full reinstallation of Windows as a way to reset your computer. Make sure that you have all of your important files backed up before doing so, as your hard drive will be formatted for the install process.

   • If the Blue Screen is being caused by a failing piece of hardware, reinstalling Windows will not fix the problem. You will need to find and replace the piece of hardware that is causing problems.

   
   
9. 
    
   9. Replace faulty hardware. If driver and update rollbacks do not solve your problem, you may need to remove and replace your hardware. Replacing anything other than the RAM or hard drive on a laptop can be difficult and expensive.

   • If the RAM test shows that you have faulty memory, you will want to replace the failing stick as soon as possible.
   • If the hard disk scanner is returning disk errors, you should back up your data and install a new drive. This will require reinstalling Windows if the drive has your Windows installation on it.
   • If your graphics card is failing, replacing it could get expensive. This is almost impossible to fix in most laptops. For a desktop, open your case and swap out the old card for a new one.

Things to Consider When Buying a Computer

Buying a new computer is certainly not easy, especially if you’re not well-versed in technology. However, like visiting the dentist or renewing your driver’s licence, the act is something that each person needs to go through in this day and age. To give you an easier time in your search, here is a list of important things to consider when picking out what computer to buy.

Factor #1: Budget

Before deciding on what features your computer is going to have, you need to establish your budget. If your allocation is large enough, you can put in a good amount of features, but if your budget is small, you need to cut back on those features.

Factor #2: Operating system

Your decision on what OS to use will dictate your computer’s hardware, software and security, among other things. As it stands, you have three choices: Windows, OS X and Linux. Windows is the most widely adopted because it can run the most number of programmes and is easily compatible with most hardware.
OS X runs exclusively on Macs. If you’re planning on getting a Mac, then get ready to spend because they’re more expensive than your average computer. However, if you have the budget, the price is worth it as Macs are better in many ways. Linux, on the other hand, is a lightweight OS that’s light on hardware and less vulnerable to viruses, malware and hacking than the other two. Then again, there’s a catch: it doesn’t fun the latest games and Microsoft Office, and can be tricky to troubleshoot.

Factor #3: Form factor

There are two main options: You can get either a laptop or desktop, and your decision would depend on a couple of things:

• Purpose
  What are you going to use the computer for? If you'll use it for games, media consumption, or video and photo editing, then you're better off with a desktop. If you need a computer for web browsing, e-mailing or word processing, then you should go for a laptop, or maybe even a netbook.
  
  
• Location
  If you either need to work while travelling or lack personal space in your living quarters, then you probably need a laptop. However, if you have plenty of room to spare and don't need to work on the go, you'd most likely enjoy a nice desktop.

Factor #4: Hardware specifications

This is where most of your money goes. If your budget allows it, and if you need the computer for an intensive task (see above), then you probably need to splurge on the hardware. Here are the major parts that you need to look into:

• CPUThere are two CPU brands that you need to choose from: Intel or AMD. Intel CPUs are more expensive, but deliver on performance and reliability. AMD microprocessors are cheaper, but aren't as fast and generally heat up quickly--thus the need for additional cooling systems when overclocking.
  
• RAMMore RAM is always better, but if you're using the 32-bit Windows 7, anything above 4GB is useless. In fact, if you're using Windows 7 Starter, the limit is only 2GB. If you want a beefy gaming or media rig, don't go lower than 8GB, as long as your budget permits it.
  
• Storage capacityIf you plan on using the computer for video or picture editing, don’t go anywhere lower than 1TB, but otherwise, 500GB is good for desktops, while 250GB should be ample for laptops. Want drastic speed gains? Look into solid-state hard drives, but beware their price.
  
• Video cardIf you won't do any major gaming or video editing on the computer, then you'll manage with integrated graphics, which are still capable of handling Window 7's visual effects and any HD video. If you're aching to play the prettiest FPS or edit giant-sized textures, then you need discrete video cards, which come in low, medium and high-end flavours.
  
• Optical mediaDo you plan on putting together a Blu-ray library and use the computer as your media centre? Then you'll need a Blu-ray drive. Otherwise, stick with your standard DVD drive.

Factor #5: Software

You may welcome the idea of pre-loaded software in your computer but you should actually avoid them to save on hassle. Most of the pre-loaded programmes are superfluous, and it’s actually better to purchase your own copy of Microsoft Office if you’re going Windows or Mac. That way, you save more money, through markdowns given via schools or employers. If you’re short on cash, you can always get the free OpenOffice suite, which is just as good.

Factor #6: Warranty

Pay attention to the warranty because if your computer breaks down while the service contract is in effect, you save on repair costs. You can always opt for used or refurbished computers but nothing beats the warranties provided by brand new units. Also consider the retailer’s location in your purchase. Choose a retailer that’s near your place of residence so that you won’t have to lug the computer far if it breaks down.

Factor #7: Extras

Some computer vendors throw in extras to sweeten the deal. While some extras would give you more bang for the buck, consider the practicality of the add-on. For instance, a laptop with built-in Wi-Fi is a must these days, but doesn’t make much sense for a desktop. If you use a wireless headset or sync a smartphone with your computer, ask for Bluetooth-related extras instead.
If the computer is packaged with a monitor, look for one that’s bigger than 19 inches and more than 720p to make the most of the size. But if you want something smaller, maybe it’s better to get a laptop instead.
Another popular add-on are printers. If the retailer offers you one for free, see if it’s the kind you need. For example, if you’re looking for a workhorse for printing heaps of text documents, a free laser printer would be perfect.

7 of the Biggest PC Hardware Myths That Just Won’t Die

From PCs to Windows to smartphones, the technology we use every day is surrounded by myths that never seem to go away. These myths are so believable because they all have a grain of truth to them — maybe they even were true in the past.
Don’t buy into all the myths out there. They could lead you astray when you’re buying a new PC, building one, or just upgrading the hardware you have right now.

More RAM Will Always Speed Up Your PC

More RAM definitely doesn’t hurt, but it doesn’t always help. Adding more RAM — or getting a computer with more RAM — will only really help if your computer is starved for RAM. Yes, modern operating systems will use spare RAM for caching — but that cache is only so helpful. If your computer is getting along fine with 8 GB of RAM, you don’t really need another 8 GB of RAM for extra cache space.
Before deciding to upgrade your PC with more RAM, be sure to check that your computer actually needs it by monitoring how much RAM is being used. Going from 8 GB to 16 GB will only really help if you’re running heavy virtual machines, demanding PC games, and something else that needs more memory than that 8 GB offers. More RAM isn’t always better, and you’re often better off looking at other specifications when you purchase a computer — don’t just focus on the amount of RAM.

A CPU With More Cores is Always Faster

When it comes to your computer’s CPU — or the CPU in any device, like a smartphone — the number of cores isn’t the only important thing. Dual-core CPUs were a revelation when they became mainstream in home PCs, and companies have followed up with quad-core, octa-core, and CPUs with even more cores.
Each core is a separate execution unit, and more cores allows your computer to run multiple different programs at the same time.
But it’s not just about the number of cores. If you have a single-threaded application, it can only run on one core at a time, so a faster four-core CPU will run it faster than a slower eight-core CPU. Many applications are still single-threaded and can’t take advantage of all those additional cores to speed up their execution.
Sure, given a quad-core CPU with identical speeds to an octa-core CPU, the octa-core CPU will be better. But sometimes you’ll see an eight-core CPU with slower speeds than a quad-core CPU, or even a quad-core CPU with slower speeds than a dual-core CPU. Cores aren’t the only thing that matters — the CPU’s speed is also very important, and there’s a good chance you’ll be better off with a faster CPU with less cores.

64-bit Software is Always Faster

Modern CPUs are 64-bit, and modern operating systems have become 64-bit, too. But much of the software you’ll run on a modern operating system like Windows is still 32-bit.
That’s not as bad as it sounds, because 64-bit software isn’t always faster than 32-bit software. 64-bit software does offer a number of benefits, from allowing applications to use more RAM to improved security. But that doesn’t mean 64-bit software is necessarily faster. Computing-intensive applications may see more significant improvements, but not all programs will.
The move from a 32-bit application to a 64-bit application won’t necessarily give you a free performance boost.

You Always Want a Faster CPU and Graphics Card

Shopping for a laptop or desktop computer? You might want to get the fastest CPU and graphics card possible within your budget range — but that isn’t necessarily the best idea.
Faster CPUs and dedicated graphics cards just use more power. For a laptop, a laptop with a speedy Core i7 CPU may have significantly less battery life than a laptop with a slower Core i3 or i5 CPU. Even if you’re building a desktop that will sit on a desk all day, you might want to avoid those Core i7 CPUs and dedicated NVIDIA or AMD graphics cards. Unless you’ll actually need all that power — and especially graphics horsepower, if you don’t plan on playing demanding PC games — it will just run hotter and consume more electricity. When buying a computer for someone who doesn’t need all that power, consider getting something lighter and more power efficient.

Macs Are Always More Expensive Than PCs

The “Mac tax” has become smaller and smaller over time. Yes, Apple’s Macs are expensive compared to the low-end, inexpensive Windows PCs and Chromebooks you can buy. But, once you start comparing Macs to higher-end Windows ultrabooks, you’ll find comparable prices and specifications. Once you start comparing Apple’s Mac Mini to similarly lightweight, small WIndows PCs, you’ll also find similar prices. And Macs are PCs — they contain most of the same components you’ll find in a typical Windows PC.
Yes, Apple’s Macs may be a bit more expensive in some cases — but not by much. If you’re looking for the type of computer Apple sells, they’re surprisingly comparable in price. If you’re looking for a type of PC Apple doesn’t sell — an inexpensive $300 laptop or a gaming computer — then Macs will definitely seem overpriced compared to what you’re looking for.

Building Your Own PC Will Always Save You Money

Building your own PC won’t always save you money. Years ago, it certainly would. If you’re building a higher-end gaming PC, it might. If you’re just building a desktop PC, you may actually be able to save money by purchasing a pre-built PC. Be sure to do the research yourself.
That’s not to say building your own PC is a bad idea. It allows you to choose all the components you want and get the specific build you’re looking for. But you’d be surprised — if you just want a typical desktop PC that isn’t a high-end gaming PC, building your own PC might actually cost you money as you buy all the individual components. This isn’t always true, of course — sometimes building your own computer might save you money, depending on the sales going on and the components you choose.\
Building your computer is fairly easy, and can be a good learning experience if you want to do something geeky — but it’s not all about saving money.

MAC Address Filtering Helps Keep Your Wi-Fi Secure

Some people swear by MAC address filtering to secure their Wi-Fi networks. Each network interface on a computer, smartphone, or any other network-connected device has a unique “Media Access Control address.” This address is set at the factory before your computer or its network hardware gets to you.
MAC address filtering assumes a MAC address actually is unique for each device, and it only allows access to your Wi-Fi if you’re using a device with a specifically approved MAC address. So far, so good — but it’s not that simple. It’s easy to change your device’s MAC address and spoof another MAC address. The MAC address is also broadcast when you use Wi-Fi, so it would be easy for an attacker to sniff Wi-Fi traffic and change their MAC address to match an allowed one if they already have access. The real myth is that MAC address is tied to hardware — a MAC address isn’t tied very strongly to hardware at all.
Instead of using MAC address filtering, encrypting your Wi-Fi network with secure WPA2-PSK encryption and a strong passphrase is the best solution. If an attacker can get past that, MAC address filtering won’t stop them. If an attacker can’t get past that, you don’t need to use MAC address filtering in the first place.

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There are other myths out there, too. For example, overclocking isn’t always a good idea — it’ll make your CPU run hotter and use more power. This can cause it to break down faster over time. If you don’t need the speed — and you probably don’t — you shouldn’t mess with overclocking. You may even have to pay extra for a CPU and motherboard that supports overclocking.